How to Identify the Shield Nickel

Start with the two design elements that define the type. The obverse must show a Union shield topped by a cross, framed by leaves and scrolls, with IN GOD WE TRUST across the top and the date below. The reverse must show a large numeral 5 at the center, surrounded by thirteen stars, with UNITED STATES OF AMERICA around the top and CENTS below. On the pictured coin the date reads 1866.

Next, verify the physical coin. It should be copper-nickel, roughly 20.5 mm in diameter, weigh about 5 grams, and have a plain, smooth edge with no reeding. The alloy gives it a pale gray, harder look than a copper cent and makes it thicker and heavier than the small silver half dime it replaced.

Check the reverse for the ray variety. Coins of 1866 and part of 1867 show short rays radiating between the stars around the 5; the Mint removed them later in 1867, so most Shield Nickels have plain fields between the stars. The presence or absence of rays is the single most important variety check on the type.

Do not look for a mint mark. All Shield Nickels were struck in Philadelphia and carry none, so an absent mint mark is expected and does not signal a problem. Identify the coin instead by the shield obverse, the large 5 reverse, and the copper-nickel composition.

Finally, be cautious with condition and authenticity. The hard alloy often struck weakly, so soft detail is not automatically wear, but cleaned, corroded, or re-toned surfaces reduce value sharply. For scarce dates or high-grade examples, seek authentication and grading from a recognized third-party service before buying or selling.