How to Identify the Medieval Coin

Start with the manufacturing method, because it separates medieval coinage from later machine-made money. Hammered coins are struck by hand, so expect an irregular, non-circular flan, a design that is often off-center, and relief that varies in height across the surface. If the coin is perfectly round and uniformly struck, it is likely modern.

Examine the obverse for a profile portrait and any surviving legend around the rim. Even a few letters can help point toward a ruler, region, or language. On the reverse, look for a heraldic or emblematic device — a cross, shield, monogram, or symbolic figure — which was a standard medieval design choice. Photograph both sides under raking light to bring out faint detail.

Measure the diameter and weight, and confirm the metal reads as silver (gray tone, often with dark or iridescent patina). Medieval silver denominations are usually small and thin; recording exact millimeters and grams helps when comparing against reference catalogs. Search for mint marks or small control symbols, which were sometimes placed in the field or within the legend.

Be cautious with attribution and authenticity. Worn coins are easy to misidentify, and the market includes cast copies and tourist replicas. Cast fakes show seams, bubbles, or a soft, mushy surface rather than the crisp cut lines of a struck die. When value or attribution matters, consult a specialist dealer or grading service, and never clean the coin, since cleaning destroys the original surface that experts rely on.